I heard a deep beating somewhere off in the distance, steady with the rhythm of a sad and violent heart. The mourning had begun.
Near my house, Tajrish market’s central yard has been transformed into a stage, cloaked with black cloth, Islamic banners and green neon. For the entire lunar month of Muharram, passion plays (“Tazieh”) re-enacting the Battle of Karbala while beaming melodramatic, dizzying chants, drum beats and horns. The Strange smell of sacrificial frenzy, superstition and pollution suffocates the air. Bodies bump against each other, sometimes violently. Some people cry, others flap their eye lashes, or sell various superstitions in the hot and holy market.
Time capsules seem to be a recurring theme for me lately.
This is the story about yet another time capsule, one which comes to life during Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar, and especially in its first 10 days. I happened to be deep under the hypnotism of David Lynch’s latest film when I heard the first sounds during Tasooa, the “9th day” of Muharram, day before Ashura, the “10th day” - what a crazy moment that was.
Once upon a time 1,300 years ago…
10 Muharram, 680 AD (Ashura): The Battle of Karbala
After the death of Muhammad many believed the just succession should be to his son-in-law and cousin, Ali (whom Iranian Muslims revere most after Muhammad and Allah). Interestingly, for a while Imam Ali did not seek to take over the Caliphate since he believed Islam was a faith and not a state. Shi’a literally means “follower of Ali.”
After the death of Imam Ali, as the kingdom was getting richer, the Umaayad dynasty took power. A segment of Muslims believed them to be promoting the corruption of Islam and its values, and especially marginalizing the house of the Prophet-"Ahl al Bayt." Hossein renounced the dynasty: the ultimate culmination of his resistance played out in Karbala.
On the 10th of Muharram, Hossein son of Ali (and my 52nd cousin ;-) and his crew of 72 (along with 51 women and children) marched through the blistering deserts of what is now eastern Iraq and met Ummayad Caliph Yazid’s army, 40,000 men strong, in Karbala. Everyone was slaughtered, starting with Hossein's baby, Ali Asghar. The women were taken as prisoners...
On this day the seeds of the great divide in Islam were planted. What began as a political and ideological resistance movement evolved into a deep, religious split. In very general terms, Sunnis maintain belief in the succession of an elected Caliphate while the Shi’a believes in the traditional succession according to Prophet’s bloodline.
Ashura for Shiites today consists of the remembrance and performance of this bloody day's events, and the details around it. Hossein is seen as a symbol of bravery and ultimate martyrdom in the face of injustice, a powerful theme which re-presents itself in various forms, through the epochs.
For more a more in-depth reading on this history, click here.
On Tasooa, the 9th day, I visited my auntie’s house for dinner. It was a total coincidence that I went there on that particular evening.
“They are crazy!” my auntie kept saying.
It was well below zero outside, and we heard the beating. My cousin and I rushed to the kitchen window to see if we could catch the “Dasteh Azahdari” (“procession of mourners”) passing through the frozen street. A massive drum accompanies the lines of men, who slap their chests with their hands (“sineh zani”) or their back with chains (“zangir zani”). They said that the chest beating is more of an Iranian thing.
They have outlawed the chains with knives on the ends and slicing skin on the head. Images of Hossein and Ali have also been banned--it seems as though they are not accurate portrayals. Images of people are not Islamic, but they are common in Iranian Islam, the tradition dating back to pre-Islamic times. Paintings of Hossein and Ali, and the various contemporary martyrs are quite popular. There is even an image of Mohammad that many old families have (My great auntie has the portrait in the first page of her ancient family photo album--I'll try to scan it soon and send), and you can find it still in the bazaars. Normally the city would be swarming with posters of the epic heroes, but this year I hardly found any. I spotted a couple downtown, but the eyes were censored with green tape.
At times, the processions look like some sort of dark-metal trance ritual with “Noha”- trance-like music in which Hossein’s name is repeated continuously. Contemporary Noha music often contains elements of heavy metal, trance or hip-hop.
The atmosphere is carnivalesque.
Whole families come out, eat and drink tea, and follow along the processions. Young girls and guys hang around, dressed to impress. Boys gel their hair extra high, and girls often get away with showing off a bit of bouffant, bleached bangs (although I heard some of them were warned).
On the day of Ashura, Vali Asr Street was dripping with dead lambs, sacrificed in the name of Imam Hossein. At the entrance to Zaferanieh Street (a posh neighborhood) they sacrificed a cow. The bloodiness of the day of Ashura commemorates the blood shed at Karbala.
Downtown displays the most elaborate and passionate ceremonies. The Tazieh is performed in the days before and after Ashura, with the climactic performances taking place on this day. At the end of the performance, when Hossein is killed, they burn down the giant tent near the bazaar, representing the annihilation of the tent of Prophet’s family and the warriors who were camped around the battlegrounds.
In the city's mosques, as well as in private homes, people prepare large quantities of excellent food, which is given away for free, called “Nazri”. Everyone queues up for their Nazri: even the ladies with Gucci bags and stiletto heels, and the guys who constantly chat on their mobiles and wear gigantic sunglasses. Sometimes people fight for their Nazri, like most things here, especially when they involve queues.
Another type of food donation is called “Kharji” (literally "spending")– which means they bought it from a restaurant or caterer and fed people on Ashura, as opposed to Nazri which you make yourself. It is said that the British Embassy had an old tradition dating back to the 1905 Constitutional Revolution (when 12,000 Constitutionalist merchants sought refuge in the Embassy grounds) of giving Kharji.
Common alms dishes for Ashura are "Qaimeh" (split pea stew with lemon and lamb) and "Keshmesh Polo" (Rice with raisins and ground beef). For desert it is sweet "Sholeh Zard" (Saffron Custard).
I learned that various aspects of Ashura can be closely paralleled with pre-Islamic Iranian ceremony and tradition. Ancient Iranian history and folklore is most famously captured and represented in the epic Shahnameh (Book of Kings), written by Ferdowsi in 1010 AD, recounting the mythical origins and histories of Iran up to the Islamic invasion. For example:
Shiism: Hossein – Grandson of Prophet who was killed by Shemr, commander of Yazid’s army, in the battle of Karbala. He symbolizes innocence destroyed by evil, and the fight for justice. The ultimate martyr.
Shahnameh: Siavush – Son of Persian King, innocence incarnate, who died by the hands of Iranian archenemy, evil incarnate, Turanian King Afrasiab. The Tazieh (passion play) used to be performed in honor of Siavash, today it’s for Hossein.
Shiism: Ali --a warrior, he killed many for his noble cause. Famous for his two-tiered sword. Ali’s horse is famous.
Shahnameh: Rostam –a fantastic warrior who killed many to preserve his great country. Famous for his two-tiered beard. Rostam’s horse is also famous.
Rostam with his two tiered beard & Imam Ali's Sword - "Zolfaghar"
In old tradition, storytellers would recount the tales of the Shahnameh reading the poetic verses, alongside wall paintings which depicted the stories. Today, during Muharram, professional singers recount the tales from the Battle of Karbala. I’ve also heard that you can still find those who recount the tale along with its parallels from Shahnameh.
(Another example of this kind of correspondence that is not quite relevant to this post, but I’ll mention anyway, is the trilogy in Shi’a Islam--Allah, Muhammad & Ali--which translated for the Communists (who grew up in a religious atmosphere) into Marx, Lenin & Stalin. The trilogy roughly represents Theorist, Practitioner & Warrior. You might have noticed something like this in the film Persepolis when, as a child, Marjane Satrapi sees Marx at the level of God. My friend who explained me this phenomenon, used to read about Communism simplified in children’s books, and draw paintings of Marx)
In ancient Iranian tradition the concept of strength was also very important, and this can be seen still today. Many of Iran’s best wrestlers are idealized, their photos hanging all around town. On Ashura strong men take turns carrying a giant (and very heavy) “Alam” on their shoulders—Alam (photos to the right) is a Shi’a banner, heavily decorated with iron figurines, decorations and feathers. Many of the decorations are very Iranian, for example lions and peacocks. This has also been declared illegal, although we saw several men lifting them.
As the central aim of festival is mourning, all the things you might expect can be found: people dressed in black, crying and chanting "Ya Hossein", beating their chests...
But there can't help but be happy moments. While the content of the ceremonies and the feelings of many people are sad, meanwhile plenty of people are also having a good time. It is one of the only opportunities to spend days and nights out in the streets with huge crowds of people, for a very legitimate reason. Young people saunter around, exchanging glances, chats, or perhaps a phone number. In the last years the facilities and music styles have developed, with neon light shows and traveling sound systems. I’ve heard several people refer to it as discotheque.
Of course a large segment of the population is quite serious about it. Another substantial segment does not participate at all, for example my family, even though many of them are religious.
Since the days of Constitutional Revolution, the ceremony has sometimes taken on a political character. It has been banned in various cases: Iran in the 1930s and in Iraq under Sadaam Hussein (This year 2 million Iraqis marched at Karbala). Although its ideology and mobilization power contributed a great deal to the 1979 Revolution, it may still be regarded as a threat today. In the most pure sense, it is a cry out against injustice, whatever form that may be. It is also an excuse to gather, and express emotion. It is hard to stop the people on these days, otherwise the authorities might appear as hypocrites.
Ashura and ceremonies dedicated to it's remembrance are practiced all around the world including Pakistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Turkey, Syria, India, and even in Trinidad & Tobago and Jamaica where it's known as "Hosay" and in Indonesia known as "Tabuik."
In another post-modern twist, I've also heard it described as a day of “showing.” Men show their strength along with other various male qualities. Women go out, showing off their beauty and charms...As I rambled around the streets of Tehran, I definitely noticed this.
Although many people still take part in Ashura due to belief and tradition, many of them also utilize the rare opportunity more practically: whether it is to voice a political statement, eat some Nazri, hang out with friends, escape into the meditative trance of Noha, or perhaps find a future husband.
For more photos click below:
Ashura
Friday, January 25, 2008
The 10th Day
Posted by neenee at 9:46 PM 9 comments
Labels: Ashura, Battle of Karbala, Heavy Metal, Hossein, iran, Muharram, Noha, Shahnameh, Sholeh Zard, Zangir
Sunday, January 20, 2008
The Swimming Pool
"Do you wear a chador when you swim?" a friend of mine asked me. "Well, there are plenty of 'women only' swimming areas...although there is such a thing! It's called a "Burkini!"
I’ve realized that minor details of life here, the logistics of say swimming in the Islamic Republic, are of interest. Beyond that, those details are often filled with some colorful and funny story.
So here's how it went: The pool is near my house, a 15 minute walk down Vali Asr Street. A relatively fancy area, the facility is average but expensive for Iran standards: $7 per entry or $50 for 10 entries. (I managed a $1 discount for my one time entry)
When I entered the "locker room" which was really a hallway, I wasn't sure if I should strip down right there. I'd heard stories like this: a Western raised Iranian girl naively strips bare and the women bombard her with shrill rebukes, cursing their eyes for having seen such an indecency. I found a "dressing area" up some stairs, next to where some buxom ladies in tight lycra were practicing what looked like Pilates, slipped on the new one-piece and stretchy swim cap I got in the bazaar, and sashayed discreetly down to the pool.
The pool was an average to small sized rectangle, and unusually steamy. In the front shallow end 5 or 6 madams gently bobbed around. My cousin had been to the same pool a few months earlier and got in a fight with some ladies of a similar description, after bumping into one of them. "AYYYYY" she had screamed. "MY LEGGGG, AKHHH"....an so on.
All eyes unwaverinly upon me, I stepped into what turned out to be an oversized jacuzzi. I managed to swim around the massive of sweating ladies and to the deep-end, ready to begin my laps. The fun had just begun. The ladies were walking, or bouncing, back and forth, the width of the pool which was about 4 meters. I figured I could manage to dodge them each time, but that proved impossible as their speed was never consistent and sometimes they would even stop somewhere in the center. So I’d swim to a point and turn around just before touching them. But then strange things kept happening. Some of the women started swimming the length of the pool also, they’d take a couple laps, always right where I was swimming, stop in random places, continue the bobbing in the shallow end. Other women continued some sorting of bobbing in the deep end, I'm not sure how. I was constantly changing my route. At one point I could have sworn a concerted effort against my lap swimming (I guess it's not so common here) . It felt like a video game, and I was that ball which bounces back and forth from the walls trying to avoid little rockets. The bobbing always went along with gossiping. From the bits I could gather, it was mostly about who has lost or gained weight recently.
I was getting rather warm. Imagine swimming laps in a big jacuzzi with various obstacles strategically moving about. And not just any obstacles, but these old fat Iranian women - not something you really want to mess with. I had to take a couple breathers. While cooling off the top half of my body, I would watch the theatre in front of me for a minute--Synchronized Swimming Iranian Style--then join the field once again. It was almost more dangerous than crossing Vali Asr.
When I think of it the Swan Lake song still pops in my head. During one of my little breaks, a giant rippled ass floated inches away from me, followed by feet splashing violently near my face. The same woman was bouncing earlier. She wore goggles and a nose plug and jumped more fervently than the others.
I managed to swim for an hour, physically bumping someone only once. She was nice, and didn’t attack, so I’d say it was a pretty successful initiation--that’s exactly what it felt like.
Later in the sauna, I sat facing 3 of the fat bobbing ladies from the pool. They were huddled around something, and on closer inspection I saw that it was a picnic! They were peeling tomatoes, oranges, cucumber, sweet lemons and shalqam (a type of Iranian turnip), along with bread and cheese. All this in the heat of the sauna.
I remember bits of their conversation:
-“Is there any salt there?”
-“No, I forgot it.”
-“Ok that’s better anyway. We should stay away from all things white.”
-“Yes, better that we don’t have any salt”
.....
-“Does your husband still drink a lot?”
-“Not so much, every once in a while some whiskey…”
-“You know, alcohol is pure calories!”
-“Yes whisky is bad for cholesterol.”
-“Yea, like I said it’s pure calories!"
.....
They briefly turned their fickle attentions to me:
-“Ohh, she has such a nice body doesn't she...Yes, you have such a nice body”
-“Well, she hasn’t had kids yet!”
-“Yes, we had kids, and when you have kids you just have to eat so much. You have to eat so much that you want to get sick. It’s horrible!"
-“Yes and then you have to breast feed, and you don’t want to the milk to go dry so you are forced to eat a lot again. Or else you’ll have to answer to your husband.”
-“It’s such a good thing you don’t have a husband yet.”
-“But I do have one.” I said.
-“Oh thank god!”
-“Yes thank god!”
Then they quickly went back into their world, gossiping and talking again mostly about weight gain/loss:
“Remember that trip, that’s when I gained all the weight. Yes, because the food was so good....”
I couldn’t bear the heat much longer, and I was trying really hard to finish the shalqam…so I left. “Goodbye” I said "Nice meeting you."
Ghorboon-et beram!! (“I’ll sacrifice for you”—typical Iranian greeting), they took turns saying.
When I told my friend the story, she said I should burn some Esfand (an herb Iranians burn to rid the evil eye) immediately. So I did. I like to do it from time to time anyway.
The gym was blasting some up-beat techno music, but no one seemed too enthused. One girl walked leisurely on the treadmill and another stood next to her chatting. The center of action at this place was definitely the pool. After my shower, I took another peek inside and found the ladies bouncing inside the steam again. They were there when I arrived, and it looked like they were just getting comfortable when I left an hour and a half later. Perhaps they think they will sweat off those pounds…only to go eat them again in the sauna.
<----Early 20th Century European Swim Suit
"Burkini" ----->
And here is a similar story I read, with an different perspective, from over in England...
Saturday, January 12, 2008
Snowy Weather
On Friday, I called a friend:
"What's up I said" (probably in some kind of sombre voice)
"Ohhh" he said "It's Home Alone 2: Lost in Tehran!"
"Yes" I admitted, laughing the cracks out of my throat, "it's been a bit lonely since Slobs left. And with this weather. It's very pretty, all snowy and white. But it's also just giving me an excuse to hibernate..."
I read in the Economist recently that French farmers used to practically hibernate in the winters. It proved in their advantage economically, as they burned less energy and thus consumed less. Yes, makes sense.
Okay, so I ventured out! It was snowing again, but this time those beady little cruel flakes, more like pellets. They kept getting stuck on my hejab, so I could see the little runaways from the corner of my eye. The wind drew swirly designs with the snow pellets on the gray sky canvas.
We went to an exhibit about the Hejab, more specifically the "Kashf-e Hejab" (this is when the Shah forced women to unveil on January 7 1936), along with the history of hejab-wearing around the world...The exhibit was massive, though a bit shabby.
In one corner, a series of cartoons illustrated the logical development of a young girl on the wrong path: It starts out with the shrinking of the hejab and wearing of heavy make-up and tighter clothes. Then she watches foreign films which display decadence and immoral behavior. Eventually she starts hanging around those "bad-boys" with spiky hair. She is introduced to marijuana and in the next drawing her eyes are heavy and strung out. She goes to parties, takes ex and dances with strange boys. She pierces her lip and wears tight clothes with holes in them. Starts shooting heroin.....In the last slide, the girl is getting into a stranger's car, to sell her body it appears, when she sees the man to whom she had refused marriage earlier in the story. He is overjoyed, driving by with his fresh new bride.
So the moral of the story? 'Bad hejab' is a gateway drug. Just say no! It sounds a bit like my parents reasoning when I was a teenager (they will probably kill me for this!) I do admit it came in handy with all the snow. The exhibit took place accordingly in "Hejab Street." Recently, they also had a fashion show, which you can read about here.
It's still snowing. People make fires along the sidewalks in front of shops, and shovel snow off the tops of roofs without looking to see if someone is passing down below. I've seen teenagers dressed up all fancy, girls with full make up and high-heeled boots, having massive snow fights. Some people, especially taxi drivers, go around in slippers. My friend's landlady came to collect her rent wearing pajamas beneath her coat.
Most of the school's and public offices closed for a week, and the airport was a complete disaster. One German football team was stuck in Tehran for 3 days, several of my friends made 3 trips to the airport before finally departing. I kept my man for 1 extra day, though it was 1 chaotic day. Yesterday was Slobs' birthday, we haven't spent it together in years. Have we ever?? Hopefully it's the last one we spend apart.
I've heard several things over the past week:
1. Everything closed for so long not only because of local conditions but also, in solidarity with small towns who were experiencing gas and electricity shortages, for overall conservation. (In a country with one of the highest reserve of gas and oil)
2. The reason many flights were not (and maybe still are not) taking off from the airport is because of a shortage in wing dryers (wings must be dry before take-off or else they freeze) due to sanctions on various plane parts--including wing dryers.
3. The new excuse when something wasn't available: "Mamlekat ta'teel ast" ("the state's on holiday") wee heeee
4. Intro of one radio show: Woman: "Sard-e!" (It's cold!)
Man: "Pas goosh kon ke garm beshi" (So listen, and you'll get warm ;)
5. It hasn't been this cold, or snowed this much, in anyone's memory.
Today I go back to school...and my other life starts once again...
Here is an overview with some photos of the past snowy weeks....click on image below--->
snow in tehran |
Posted by neenee at 11:31 PM 3 comments
Thursday, January 10, 2008
Wednesday, January 2, 2008
Slobs in Iran
Slobs: OK, where shall I begin?
Slobs: Yep, but I’m not talking about size here (you are such a girl, thinking of size first). It’s the layout, highways that don’t have marked lanes, pavements that are separated from the driveway by a foot-high vertical curb. The highway would change from 4 to 2 lanes without any warning, or you’d have a tractor in the fastest lane, without any lights.
You could use some pork in that mixture!
Slobs: You’ll learn one day. Anyhow, I liked other food even better. Dizzi, aka Ab Gousht (pronounced with your fingers opening and closing my lips, aababababbb gougougoushhhhht). For our Serbian readers, this is very similar to what my mom calls Rinflaish, which is when you boil a chicken soup, but after it’s boiled you take out all the vegetables and meat to serve just the soup, and then use the veggies and meat for the main course. In
Slobs: Deal. Friday bazaar – Jomeh bazaar. I’m not really a bazaar type of person, but this one was a delight. Bazaars I’ve seen usually sell Chinese junk that people buy only if they have no other choice. Jomeh bazaar was nothing like that, as it was mostly antiques and local produce that was on display. The antiques were not some boring porcelain dishes or some expensive pointless furniture, but really interesting practical things that people used at the time. Like, a Victorian coffee grinder from
And all the old money, Yugoslav, Russian…Old photographs, maps, jewelry…it’s like a giant time capsule.
Okay, so how about the ski trip, we just got back from--with achy and muscles I never knew existed!
For web album click on image below--->
Tehran Impression |
To be continued…
Posted by neenee at 2:10 AM 8 comments
Labels: ab goosht, bazaar, beets, iran, mighty paykan, shemshak, slobs, snowboard